Thomas Hearne (22 September 1744 – 13 April 1817) was an English landscape painter, engraver and illustrator.[1][2] Hearne's watercolours were typified by applying a wash over a clear outline in fine brush, pen or pencil. [3] His techniques were studied by younger artists such as Thomas Girtin and J. M. W. Turner.[4]
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Thomas Hearne was born at Marshfield, Gloucestershire. When aged five, his father, William, died and Thomas moved with his mother, Prudence, to Brinkworth, Wiltshire. One of his biographers, Simon Fenwick, suggests that nearby Malmesbury Abbey proved an inspiration to Hearne's later interest in Gothic architecture. As a teenager he was apprenticed to his uncle who worked as a pastry cook in Maiden Lane, Covent Garden. Next door was a print shop; Miller, the engraver, no doubt facilitated his move to the profession of artist. [4]
In its early years, the Royal Society of Arts offered prizes — which it called "premiums" — for people who could successfully achieve one of a number of published challenges. In 1763 Hearne was awarded a guinea premium for his still life. The next year he received 8 guineas for an equestrian piece.[4] By 1765 he had become apprenticed to the engraver William Woollett, who came to consider him the finest landscape engraver of his day and with whom he stayed for six years.
Early in 1771 Hearne spent six weeks with Woollett, young George Beaumont in Henstead, Suffolk at the home of the latters tutor at Eton, Revd Charles Davy. For Beaumont it proved the inspiration for his future profession as a landscape painter himself.[5]
Before the invention of photography it was the custom for topographical watercolor artists to travel abroad with the Governors of Colonies.[6] In 1771 Hearne travelled to the Leeward Islands with the newly-appointed Governor-General, Sir Ralph Payne. He remained there for three-and-a-half years, making drawings of the characteristic features of the islands. This work also employed him for two years after his return to London in 1775, and turned the direction of his art from engraving to watercolour painting. Hearne's painting of Payne himself is currently in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.
In 1777, in conjunction with engraver William Byrne (1743–1805), Hearne began work recording and illustrating the Country's historic monuments, The Antiquities of Great Britain. Hearne produced drawings specifically for the project. Byrne then produced 10" x 7" engravings and descriptions were added in French and English.[7] The works were issued in series for individual sale from 1778, and subsequently published in two volumes.[4] By 1806 an individual print sold for 15s compared to a complete set of the proof impressions for 26l 5s (2011: £1,700).[7]Many of the drawings were exhibited at a gallery in Spring Gardens, London. During the extensive tour of Britain which the work necessitated, Hearne studied nature with care, investing his topographical drawings with effects of light and atmosphere seldom attempted by previous draughtsmen in watercolour. He may thus be said to have done much to revive attention to Gothic architecture, and to have been one of the founders of the English school of watercolours.
Byrne further worked with Hearne, using the artists designs for Rural Sports from 1780.[8]
Richard Payne Knight, enthusiast of the ‘picturesque’ style, commissioned Hearne to produce several drawings of the grounds of his home, Downton Castle in Herefordshire.[9]
Hearne's art influenced Thomas Girtin and J M W Turner, both of whom copied his drawings at the houses of Dr. Thomas Monro and John Henderson Snr., the well-known patrons of the arts at the time. From 1781 to 1802 Hearne exhibited drawings of landscape and antiquarian remains at the Royal Academy, London. He was a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries.
In 1812 Henry Monro painted Hearne in pastel. The National Portrait Gallery purchased this portrait in 1912.[10] Hearne died in Macclesfield Street, Soho, London on 13 April 1817, and was buried at Bushey, Hertfordshire.
From the 1900s, art historian and collector Adolph Oppé, took an interest in 18th & early 19thC British watercolours, a subject which had been little studied before. In 1996 the Tate Gallery acquired over 3000 artworks from Oppé collection.[11] Works by Hearne included Linlithgow Castle; Hills, Ships and River; Landscape with Road and Castle; and The Moat in Kent, the Seat of Lord Romney.
In February 1966 The Tower of London by Hearne sold for 320 guineas (2011: £4,400).[12] By 1994 a Hearne Leeward Islands panoramic would expect to reach £10,000.[13] In June 2006 Hearne's Rowing On The River Wear Before Lumley Castle was sold at Sothebys for £19,200.[14]
Thomas Hearne's paintings are now owned by many museums and Public Art Galleries across England and America.[15]